Despite recent improvement in energy efficiency of diesel engines, more than 50% of the energy input is lost as waste heat in the form of hot exhaust gases, cooling water, and heat lost from hot equipment surfaces. Exhaust pollution from internal combustion engines can potentially result in severe damages on earth atmosphere, including ozone depletion, global warming, and significant health problems. Waste heat recovery based on Rankine CYCLE has been identified as a potential solution to increase the energy efficiency and consequently to reduce the engine emissions. In this rather low cost technology, waste heat is recovered in a Rankine CYCLE, aiming to convert mechanical power into electrical power. Output electrical energy is stored in a battery and can be used in electric usages. In this paper, the possibility of using the exhaust heat recovery system without utilizing the heat of other recyclable materials has been investigated, using the organic Rankine CYCLE (ORC), in order to increase the efficiency of the diesel engine of the bus. Depending on amount of achievable heat of exhaust, in some performance point of diesel engine, the amount of fluid flow rate and output power of Rankine CYCLE was calculated. Our results exhibit 5. 1 KW increase in the diesel engine power resulting in 1. 12% increase in energy efficiency in engine part load condition. The output mechanical power from the micro-generator is converted to electrical power and is stored in an energy storage system. The storage energy can be utilized to supply power for electrical equipment such as fans, bulbs, and also phone chargers of passengers.

In this research, a proper DUTY CYCLE Control method in Direct Torque Control (DTC) of six-phase induction machine in open phase mode is proposed. In conventional switching table DTC of six-phase induction machine, the torque and flux ripples are high and large harmonics by order (6𝑘 ± 1) are produced. To overcome to this disadvantages a control method based on DUTY CYCLE control is used which produce less torque and flux ripples and harmonics losses. In this research, instead of using the common way to obtain new switching table in open phase mode, a new switching table is presented that can be combined to DUTY CYCLE method to achieve better results in open phase mode. In this method a simple and useful control method to calculate the DUTY CYCLE of each vector which is independent from machine parameters is used. Without considering the open phase fault, this technique has these advantages: less torque and flux ripples, independent from the load and speed changes, less current harmonics and almost sinusoidal shape, and zero power loss in (𝑧 1− 𝑧 2) subspace. In addition, in open phase mode the results are acceptable and the machine continues to operate without speed drops. The simulation results presented in this paper show the preference of the proposed methods.

In this paper, a class of new DUTY-CYCLE Modulators (DCM) is investigated. Although the DUTY-CYCLE involved in each case is a nonlinear function of the control signal, a numerical analysis indicates that one could develop an excellent linear approximation for an appropriate choice of design parameters. The class of DCM proposed combines DUTY-CYCLE modulation and analog signal processing techniques in a single operational amplifier circuit. Simulations are conducted under constant and variable controls using Electronic Work Bench in order to test and validate the proposed class of modulation circuits. As an implication, the class of signal conditioning systems investigated in this study will have a number of applications in industrial instrumentation.

In this article the results of the DUTY CYCLE on corrosion properties of Pulse Electrodeposited Ni-Cu-CeO2 nanocomposite coating are presented. The nanocomposite coating was obtained by the codeposition of CeO2 nanoparticles with Ni-Cu during the electroplating process. The coating thickness obtained on the St.37 low carbon steel was 26 mm. The surface morphology and composition of the coating was studied using SEM Field Emission (FESEM) with energy dispersive analyzer system (EDX). It was found that the Ni-Cu-CeO2 nanocomposite coating surface morphology is smooth. The electrochemical behavior of the coating was investigated by Potentiodynamic Polarization and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy methods. It was found that with the increase in DUTY CYCLE, The corrosion current increased and the potential became more negative. The results of energy dispersive analyzer system (EDX) showed that as the DUTY CYCLE increased the amount of nanoparticles in the coating is decreased.

This paper presents a novel method for controlling torque and stator flux ripples in DTC control of PMSM motor. In contrast to conventional DUTY ratio modulation methods which do not pay attention to stator flux condition, the proposed method controls both torque and stator flux RMS ripples using minimization of a proper two variable (stator flux and torque) objective function. After realizing that, flux related machine specifications such as circular stator flux vector trajectory and current waveform quality will be developed. For this purpose, in addition to torque dynamics in any DTC control CYCLE, stator flux dynamics will be studied. Using this, the condition of both torque and stator flux at the end of an applied voltage vector of inverter is predicted. Then, standard deviation of torque RMS ripple and that of stator flux is studied in any control CYCLE and the normalized sum of these two deviations will be considered as the objective function. Finally, a proper switching instant during any control CYCLE is calculated for minimizing the objective function. The proposed method is validated by MATLAB simulation.

Nano crystaline TiO2 coating was produced on commercial pure titanium surface by plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) process under constant current condition with 1000 and 1500 Hz frequency, 10 and 15 % DUTY CYCLE in 10 min. Surface structure and chemical composition analysis for coatings were conducted by scanning electron microscope and x-ray difracrometer. Corrosion behavior of base metal and coatings was investigated by potantiodynamic polarization in 3. 5% NaCl solution. Phase analyses of coatings indicated the presence of titanium oxide in the form of anatase and rutile. Surface of all coated samples had a Pancake porous structure with different pore diameters due to the difference in applied frequencies and DUTY CYCLEs. Microscopic images of coatings in large magnifications showed the existence of nano-size crystalline (less than 50nm). Investigation on corrosion behavior showed that using high frequency in this process results in increase in corrosion resistance, decrease in current density and increasing the protection efficiency up to 95%.

Background: High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) represents a non-invasive treatment approach that utilizes non-ionizing radiation. This technique has found clinical utility in managing both benign and malignant solid tumors. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the variations in HIFU frequency and DUTY CYCLE influence thermal lesion formation in tissue to identify the optimal parameter combination for HIFU therapy in multi-layered tissues. Material and Methods: In this theoretical framework, a model of HIFU application to multi-layer biological tissues was created. Four unique HIFU parameter sets, defined by combining high or low frequency with high or low DUTY CYCLE, were comprehensively examined. The study analyzed how these settings influenced temperature distributions and lesion area in the layered tissue to ascertain the ideal combination of frequency and DUTY CYCLE parameters. Results: Simulation results revealed that the former parameter set (high frequency, low DUTY CYCLE) was optimal for treating smaller, superficial tumours, whereas the latter combination (low frequency, high DUTY CYCLE) proved effective for deeper-seated lesions. Regarding thermal dose metrics, the high-energy setting (high frequency, high DUTY CYCLE) generated the most extensive lesion area and highest peak temperature, in contrast to the low-energy configuration (low frequency, low DUTY CYCLE), which produced the smallest coagulation zone and lowest focal temperature.  Conclusion: The study demonstrates that optimal HIFU therapeutic outcomes require frequency-DUTY CYCLE combinations tailored to tumour characteristics, with high-frequency/low-DUTY CYCLE for shallow small tumours and low-frequency/high-DUTY CYCLE for deep lesions, providing a framework for precision parameter selection in clinical applications.

This work assesses the possibility of fitting an organic Rankine CYCLE (ORC) system in a commercial agricultural tractor, recovering waste heat from a 300-kW brake power heavy-DUTY diesel engine. Two different CYCLE architectures are considered: a single evaporator layout to recover tail-pipe exhaust heat, and a parallel evaporator configuration to recover both exhaust and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) heat. A second lower-temperature cooling circuit is also considered as possible different heat sink for the ORC system. Ten different working fluids have been assessed, and the optimum system configuration, in terms of fuel consumption, has been obtained applying an optimization algorithm to a process simulation model. A preliminary study has been carried out to evaluate the impact of the ORC system on the engine–vehicle-cooling system. A maximum fuel consumption reduction of 10.6% has been obtained using methanol and recovering heat from tail-pipe and EGR. However, considering also components and heat rejection performance, water steam, toluene and ethanol allow to obtain the best compromises between thermodynamic performance and engine–vehicle-cooling circuit impact.

Matrimony is a sacred event and different affects and consequences arise from it. One of the purposes of people in marriage is having baby, a baby who is the plenipotentiary representative of his/her parents. However, sometimes husband is opposed to her wife pregnancy without any compelling reason. The question is whether childbearing is a right? And if the answer is positive, it is the right of both wife and husband or just one of them? We can understand from the context of jurists and Islamic scholars that childbearing is a right of both parents (not merely a right for man). As husband has the right of getting pregnant, the wife also has the right to become pregnant. According to La Zarar (no prejudice) rule and the assumption of husband’s misconduct, the wife would have the right to divorce if the right of wife (become pregnant) be ignored and man refuse to have a baby.